Fox Island is a naturally formed island in the
Detroit River
The Detroit River flows west and south for from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario—an area collectively referred to as Detro ...
, in
southeast Michigan
Southeast Michigan, also called southeastern Michigan, is a region in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan that is home to a majority of the state's businesses and industries as well as slightly over half of the state's population, most of whom are c ...
, United States.
In the late 1800s, it was used by the
Dunbar & Sullivan Company to store
explosives used for engineering projects in the Detroit River's shipping channels. When this was forbidden by a court injunction following an 1879 explosion, the company constructed
Powder House Island
Powder House Island (also known as Dynamite Island) is an artificial island on the lower Detroit River in southeast Michigan, directly adjacent to the Canada–United States border. It was constructed in the late 1880s by the Dunbar & Sullivan ...
several hundred yards to the east and relocated their explosive facilities there. Since then, Fox Island has served as a picnic location and campsite; in the early 20th century, it was the site of a vacation home owned by
C. F. Parent. The island is now privately owned, but remains a fishing spot (notably for
perch
Perch is a common name for fish of the genus ''Perca'', freshwater gamefish belonging to the family Percidae. The perch, of which three species occur in different geographical areas, lend their name to a large order of vertebrates: the Per ...
).
Geography
Fox Island's coordinates are ,
in
Wayne County. Its position in the
Detroit River
The Detroit River flows west and south for from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario—an area collectively referred to as Detro ...
is downstream of
Lake St. Clair,
Belle Isle and
Fighting Island
Fighting Island is a island in the Detroit River, and is the largest Canadian island in the river. It is part of the town of LaSalle, Ontario, Canada, opposite Wyandotte, Michigan, and downriver from Detroit and Windsor.
History
Originally pop ...
; it is located to the east of Detroit, between Grosse Ile and Bois Blanc Island.
It is approximately from the water border between the United States and
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
.
The closest land features to Fox Island are
Elba Island
Elba ( it, isola d'Elba, ; la, Ilva) is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino on the Italian mainland, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. It is also part of the Arcipelago Toscano National ...
, approximately to the west, and Powder House Island, approximately to the east; other features in the vicinity include Stony Island (Michigan) to the north, the Canadian Crystal Island to the northeast, Sugar Island to the south, and
Meso and
Hickory Island
Hickory Island is an inhabited island in the Detroit River. It is in Wayne County, in southeast Michigan. Its coordinates are , and the United States Geological Survey gave its elevation as in 1980.
Hickory Island is one of fifteen islands th ...
s to the southwest.
The
United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, ...
(USGS) gave its elevation as in 1980.
Fox Island has existed as long as humans have inhabited the surrounding region. An 1871 article about the section of the Detroit River near Grosse Ile described the area:
The river and lake view is beautiful. The broad expanse of Detroit River lying between Grosse Isle on the one side, Stoney Island, Fox Island, Bois Blanc Island, Sugar Island, Hickory Island, and Elba Island on the other, furnish ample room for sail and row boats and for fishing, not only secure from all danger from the numerous steamers and vessels, which are constantly passing, but from storms.
1851 references to Fox Island give its area as ;
in 1908 it was described as "2 acres solid soil" (0.81 ha).
The island is home to many types of fish, and is known as a good spot for perch,
which have been there since at least the 1880s.
A 1982 report by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with othe ...
described
channel catfish spawning on its shores.
History
Historical records of Fox Island can be difficult to locate, since there are more than a dozen Fox Islands in the English-speaking world; within the
lower peninsula
The Lower Peninsula of Michigan – also known as Lower Michigan – is the larger, southern and less elevated of the two major landmasses that make up the U.S. state of Michigan; the other being the Upper Peninsula, which is separated by the S ...
of Michigan alone, there are two others (
North Fox Island and
South Fox Island, both in
Leelanau County).
Nonetheless, the Fox Island in the Detroit River is shown on survey maps of the area in the early 19th century; it appears on an 1818 United States government survey by Joseph Fletcher and Edward Tiffin.
The ''
Detroit Free Press
The ''Detroit Free Press'' is the largest daily newspaper in Detroit, Michigan, US. The Sunday edition is titled the ''Sunday Free Press''. It is sometimes referred to as the Freep (reflected in the paper's web address, www.freep.com). It primari ...
'' made references as early as 1846 to a "Fox Island" in the specific context of the Detroit River.
Fox Island was initially deeded on June 22, 1829, on which date the United States granted it to
Sarah Macomb along with several other parcels.
After a hearing on November 26, 1850 concluded a
chancery case regarding the island, an announcement of a
chancery sale was issued on December 27 by William Gray, Master in Chancery of Wayne County. The Wayne County Circuit Court was to hold a public auction for Fox Island (in addition to Sugar, Hickory,
Celeron
Celeron is Intel's brand name for low-end IA-32 and x86-64 computer microprocessor models targeted at low-cost personal computers.
Celeron processors are compatible with IA-32 software. They typically offer less performance per clock speed com ...
and
Calf
Calf most often refers to:
* Calf (animal), the young of domestic cattle.
* Calf (leg), in humans (and other primates), the back portion of the lower leg
Calf or calves may also refer to:
Biology and animal byproducts
* Veal, meat from calves
* ...
Islands, and three additional parcels of land on Grosse Ile);
on February 19, the auction was held, and the islands were sold.
In 1868, a young boy was found drowned in the river near Fox Island; he was identified as Charles Maurice, who had recently gone missing nearby; an inquest found that the drowning was accidental, and he was buried on the island.
In 1879, another accident occurred, in which
Wilbur R. Tillinghast (the rector of Holy Trinity Church) died during a church camping trip.
Dynamite operations
In the late 19th century, Fox Island saw use by the Dunbar & Sullivan Company, a government contractor charged with deepening and widening
shipping channel
In physical geography, a channel is a type of landform consisting of the outline of a path of relatively shallow and narrow body of water or of other fluids (e.g., lava), most commonly the confine of a river, river delta or strait. The word is ...
s in the Detroit River (specifically, deepening the
Lime-Kiln Crossing.
Dunbar & Sullivan, who would later build facilities on nearby Powder House Island and Stony Island, used Fox Island to store
dynamite.
The
powder house
A powder tower (german: Pulverturm), occasionally also powder house (''Pulverhaus''), was a building used by the military or by mining companies, frequently a tower, to store gunpowder or, later, explosives. They were common until the 20th centur ...
, situated on the west side of the island, was wide and long and had previously been stocked with some three tons of
nitroglycerin.
On December 12, 1879, the nitroglycerin detonated without warning.
While nobody was injured in the explosion,
the
shock wave
In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster than the local speed of sound in the medium. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy and can propagate through a me ...
destroyed the windows and chimneys of nearby houses, and was "plainly felt" as far as away. A telegraph operator at the
Canada Southern ferry landing on Stony Island, approximately north of Fox Island, said that his cabin "swayed and creaked, the timbers yielded and parted, and the wires were tightened to such an extent that he expected to see the whole structure go by the board".
The noise, heard in
Wyandotte ( away) as "heavier than that of
artillery
Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during siege ...
fired close at hand",
was audible in the city of
St. Clair, some to the north:
Noises were heard in various houses in this city, principally on the higher parts, thirty-five or forty feet above the St. Clair River, the character of the sound being described as nearly the same, similar to a blow or shaking on a door. My impression was that it was an earthquake, for the vibration was the same that I have experienced in the West India Islands in slight shocks. As this was doubtless caused by an earthwave arising from the Fox Island explosion, the amove information may be interesting from a scientific point of view, showing the distances to which such vibrations extend.
The next morning, Thomas Dunbar and Henry Duff visited the island to assess the damage; they found the island "torn and rent", with large trees uprooted and torn into strange positions.
"Not a particle" of the explosives' tin packaging could be found, and no trace of the original building remained; where it stood, there was a crater wide and deep.
While the bottom of the crater was below the water level in the river outside, its inside was dry, as "the sand seemed closely packed as to prevent the entrance of
ater Ater (Hebrew אֲתַר) is an Old Testament male name.
#A descendant of Hezekiah, who returned from Babylon ;
#An Israelite, who subscribed to Nehemiah
Nehemiah is the central figure of the Book of Nehemiah, which describes his work in r ...
.
It is unclear whether the explosion was accidental, or deliberate; there had been reports of suspicious lights on the island on previous nights, and it was noted by demolition experts that "had the whole amount in the building exploded, the island would have been stripped of every tree and far greater damage done to the houses at
Amherstburg
Amherstburg is a town near the mouth of the Detroit River in Essex County, Ontario, Canada. In 1796, Fort Malden was established here, stimulating growth in the settlement. The fort has been designated as a National Historic Site.
The town is ...
and Grosse Ile".
As the three tons of nitroglycerin was valued at around $5,000 (equivalent to $ in ), it was suspected that a large portion may have been stolen beforehand, and the rest intentionally destroyed to conceal evidence of the theft.
On March 16, 1880, an injunction was granted prohibiting Charles F. Dunbar and Daniel B. Reaume from "storing nitroglycerine or any other explosive material on Fox Island";
on May 2, Dunbar and Reaume requested that the injunction be dissolved, on the basis of the "importance of the work
..deepening the channel at Lime-Kiln Crossing".
Another explosion would occur at Dunbar's worksite at the Lime Kiln Crossing in September 1880; while no deaths occurred as a result of the explosion, it destroyed a scow, shattered windows on nearby vessels, shook houses in Amherstburg "to their foundations", and could be felt in
Essex Center away.
Subsequently, the request to dissolve the injunction was denied without cost on November 23.
The explosions became a target for satire. The October 1, 1880, edition of the ''Detroit Free Press'', said:
We have a very important announcement to make. The Czar of Russia is in America. He is, in fact, hiding within twenty miles of Detroit. He left somebody to act Czar and run Russia for him, while he tried to have a little peace and rest. He arrived in this country last fall and took up his residence on Fox Island, a little bit of land in a lonely part of the Detroit River, far from the track of vessels. Everyone will remember the tremendous nitro-glycerine explosion which took place a while ago on Fox Island. It shook the windows 100 miles away. It caught the Czar just as he was splitting wood to prepeare his noonday meal and it landed him in a haystack thirteen miles southwest of Tolego. The Czar was never found. As the Czar left Fox Island so suddenly, he hadn't time to take even a nickel along with him and so had to walk into Toledo. He was put off seven Canada Southern trains before he reached Amherstsburg. With tears in his eyes Alexander told a reporter of ''The Free Press'' that he thought it wasn't likely that lightning would strike twice in the same place, so he again took up his residence among the lower islands of the Detroit, and spent the time fishing at Lime-Kiln Crossing. The second day, just as he had hooked on the biggest perch of the season, the water seemed to heave up under him and instead of landing the fish he was himself landed on a tree top near Essex Center, Ontario, some sixteen miles inland. Again he was short of cash and it took ten trains to take him consecutively into Detroit and over then he had to walk from the Junction to ''The Free Press'' office, where he arrived at a quarter past 6 last evening. It was supposed to be the drill scow that blew up in the Detroit River last week, but his Majesty knows better. It was the Nihilists.
In 1881, work on the Lime-Kiln Crossing was continuing, and the issue of nitroglycerin storage needed to be resolved. By May, construction was underway on an artificial island several hundred yards to the east of Fox Island, built up from the river floor with rock excavated from the channel.
Between eight and ten carpenters, under the direction of John P. Jones, were tasked with building a
scow
A scow is a smaller type of barge. Some scows are rigged as sailing scows. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, scows carried cargo in coastal waters and inland waterways, having an advantage for navigating shallow water or small harbours. S ...
.
While the new island was initially referred to as "Dunbar Island",
it eventually became known as "Powder House Island"; the dynamite operations of Dunbar's company eventually moved there, and Fox Island was abandoned.
After dynamite operations
Fox Island, while no longer used for commercial or industrial purposes, remained a destination for boaters and fishers; in 1884, recreational boaters found a dog howling on Fox Island and brought it safely to Elba Island.
One picnic, on July 30, 1886, was attended by "about 100 hands employed in the carpenter and joiner shop at Mara & Sons".
In May 1902, the ''Detroit Free Press'' said: "The
sturgeon fishing at Fox Island, at the mouth of the Detroit River, is better this year than it has been before in many years. Where the fishermen usually catch three or four per week, they are catching ten and fifteen per day, the fish averaging from 75 to 125 pounds each."
In July of that year, a camping ground and cottage were offered for rent on Fox Island.
On June 27, 1906, Dunbar's dynamite facilities, now located on the recently constructed
Powder House Island
Powder House Island (also known as Dynamite Island) is an artificial island on the lower Detroit River in southeast Michigan, directly adjacent to the Canada–United States border. It was constructed in the late 1880s by the Dunbar & Sullivan ...
, would again explode.
No deaths occurred, but two men were injured, when of dynamite detonated;
thousands of windows were shattered on Grosse Ile alone, plate glass was broken away in
Trenton, and the shockwave from the explosion was felt as far as
Cleveland, Ohio, away on the other side of
Lake Erie
Lake Erie ( "eerie") is the fourth largest lake by surface area of the five Great Lakes in North America and the eleventh-largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also h ...
.
The cause of the explosion was not known with certainty, as it had been a hot day, but it was suspected to be related to Rogers and Perry firing revolvers near the dynamite storage area immediately before it exploded.
In 1908, Fox Island was put up for sale, in an advertisement saying it could "be made the most delightful residence spot on the Detroit River".
It was eventually purchased by
C.F. Parent, who in 1909 sought to build a large summer home on the island (and to secure electric lighting for Grosse Ile from Trenton).
In 1949, a man was brought to safety on Fox Island after a fishing boat capsized in the Detroit River, although his companion could not be saved.
Presently, the area surrounding the island is used for perch fishing;
as of 2012, the island was privately owned.
References
{{reflist, refs=
[{{Gnis, 626371, Fox Island]
[{{Cite map
, url = https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/topoview/viewer/#13/42.1059/-83.1416
, author = ]United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, ...
, title = United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey
, map = Rockwood Quadrangle, Michigan
, year = 2019
, scale = 1:24000
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]
[{{cite news
, url = http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/118494929/?terms=%22island%22&match=1
, date = 20 Oct 2011
, page = C4
, title = Page C4
, newspaper = Detroit Free Press
, via = Newspapers.com
]
[{{Cite web
, url = https://www.mlive.com/outdoors/2009/09/dnr_salmon_moving_into_rivers.html
, title = Michigan Fishing Report: Salmon moving into rivers; Run later than '08
, date = September 30, 2009
, website = mlive
]
[{{Cite web
, url = https://www.detroitrivercoalition.com/the-detroit-river
, title = The Detroit River
, website = Detroit River Coalition
, access-date = 2021-05-20
]
[{{cite web
, url = https://www2.dnr.state.mi.us/publications/pdfs/huntingwildlifehabitat/SGA/Beaver_Islands_SWRA_North_Fox_Island_map.pdf
, title = North Fox Island Unit of the Beaver Islands State Wildlife Research Area: General Map, Leelanau County
, publisher = Michigan Department of Natural Resources
, date = 29 February 2016
]
[{{cite web
, url = https://www2.dnr.state.mi.us/Publications/pdfs/HuntingWildlifeHabitat/SGA/Beaver_Islands_SWRA_South_Fox_Island_map.pdf
, title = South Fox Island Unit of the Beaver Islands State Wildlife Research Area: General Map, Leelanau County
, publisher = Michigan Department of Natural Resources
, date = 29 February 2016
]
[{{cite web
, url = https://glorecords.blm.gov/details/survey/default.aspx?dm_id=26986&sid=nio4vjee.z5a&surveyDetailsTabIndex=1#surveyDetailsTabIndex=0
, title = Survey Details - BLM GLO Records
, date = 1818-02-20
, first1 = Joseph
, last1 = Fletcher
, first2 = Edward
, last2 = Tiffin
, publisher = Bureau of Land Management
]
Islands of Wayne County, Michigan
Islands of the Detroit River
River islands of Michigan